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Question:  What was the nature of the manuscripts in India? Answer:  Manuscripts in India had a very rich tradition, and it was written in Arabic,  Persian and Sanskrit. It was copied on Palm Leaves or handmade paper. It was  beautifully illustrated by artists and written in beautiful handwriting by  scribes after this it was pressed between two wooden covers or sealed at the  end of one side.

Question:  What is ‘Chapbook’? Answer:   It is a popular literature book, which is small in size. It was used earlier by  people in the middle ages of Europe. It is a small pamphlet type book which  contains, poems, stories and ballads. It was carried by petty peddlers and sold  by them in the city. It was also known as ‘penny chapbook’ as it was sold for a  penny.

Question:  Who is the author of Ninety Five Theses? Answer:  In the year of 1517, Martin Luther wrote the novel The Ninety Five These. He  wrote it against the contemporary practice of the church with respect to  indulgences. He was a social activist and Baptist minister who played a key  role in the American civil rights movement from the mid-1950s until his  assassination in 1968.

Question:  Name some important thinkers of Europe? Answer:  There were many thinkers of Europe who wrote their thoughts and affected  and changed the mentality of people in the 18 th  century Europe, Thomas  Paine, Jean Jacques Rousseau  And Voltaire was the important thinkers of Europe and also Albert Einstein.

Question:  What was the change brought about by the innovation of printing culture? Answer:  Numerous changes were brought by the different innovations of print culture.  People started becoming aware of everything and every issue around them. It  led to widespread reading. Because of the printing press, people started using  books on a large scale, and printed books became very cheap. Calligraphists  lost their job. People began to be aware of the government and its deeds.

Question:  Name the person who invented movable type printing in Europe. Answer:  Johannes Gutenberg who was born in Mainz in Germany. He was the one who  invented the irst movable type printing in Europe. He and his father were a  goldsmith, so they were aware of how to cut punches for making moulds.  Thus, he used the same technique in the press that he invented.

Question:  Who introduced the hand printing technology in Japan? Answer:  The Buddhist missionaries of China were the ones who introduced hand  printing in Japan. Hand printing meant that using blocks and other material  with the help of hand. It was introduced during the time span of AD 776-780.  The irst printed book of Japan was printed in AD 868 and was known as  Diamond Sutra.

Question:  Which factors caused the diversiication of the printing system in China? Answer:  Many factors played a huge role in diversifying the print system; 1. The civil services examination was taken by the state, and the print was  done for the examination. Also, the books for the same were printed and  sponsored by the state. 2. As the candidates increased so did the volume of print, and it led to a boom  in printing. 3. The culture of reading spread among merchants, oficials and it became an  activity which people did in their leisure time. 4. The printed material was also imported, and rich women also started to  read.

Question:  How were books in China printed in its earlier days? Answer:  The earliest kind of print was done in China in 594 AD. The printing was done  by pressing the inked woodblock on the paper, and as the paper of that time  could not be printed on both sides so, the craftsmen did a peculiar thing; they  folded the paper on one side and then printed on both the sides, these were  the Accordion books. The printing was sponsored by the imperial state.

Question:  Why did the Indian trade network break down in the 1750s? Explain any  three reasons. Answer:    Weavers gave their whole time to weaving thus accepted the fixed price of  the market. 1. The appointment of Gomasthas led to the decline as they were the ones who took the  place of the brokers and the middlemen which led to direct contact which was even  worse as it led to high corruption and exorbitant tax. The brokers went bankrupt. 2. The system of loans and advances led to the Indians weavers taking more loans which  led to the accumulation of tax and debt at a huge rate. These debts could never be  repaid and ultimately led to all the producers getting caught in a debt cycle. 3. There were reports of fights and problems between the weavers and the Gomasthas,  and the weavers left their villages, thus deserting them.

Question:  Explain the role of Indian merchant and bankers in the network of export  trade. Answer:  The Indian bankers were involved in providing with the financial needs.  These bankers helped in banking money, transferring necessary funds and financing all  the traders.  The traders in India helped in shipping consignments and helping the consumers and  buyers with the supplies that were needed.  The merchants traded from Bombay, Calcutta and Madras to the Fertile Crescent, the  Middle East and the neighbouring countries of the Indian subcontinent. After this, the  businessmen had large amounts of which helped in expanding the business.

Question:  How rapid was the process of industrialisation in England in the 19th  century? Explain different phases of industrialisation. Answer:  The process of industrialization was not very rapid; it almost took a whole  century for all these changes to occur.  The most important industries of Britain were metal and cotton; they helped the country  in expanding their production.  Small inventions and other inventions like the spinning jenny, the steam engine and the  handloom helped in the production of cotton.  There was no growth in the industries, but there was industrialization. The quality  suffered a lot of all the products. The various phases were: 1. The first phase was the division of labour in which the production was divided so that  the company sustains itself. 2. The second phase was increasing the scale of production so that a large number of goods are produced. Also known as proto-industrialisation. 3. The third phase of industrialization led to increased productivity

Question:  The Indian Cotton export market collapsed, and the local market shrank at  the beginning of the 19th century. Why? Answer:  The British cloth was very cheap. The Indian cloth was expensive as it was a  hand-made and little bit uncomfortable at that time.  Their was an increase in the number of mills in Britain as a result of which huge  quantities of cloth was produced at a very large scale.  In comparison to India Britain was producing on a very large scale. When the American  civil war broke, there was pressure on India for all the imports in England.  As a result, a huge amount of loan was taken, and the debt increased at cotton was  bought at an exorbitant price , after the war, the imports again came from America thus  Indian producers had so much debt that couldn’t be repaid thus it declined on a very  large scale.

Question:  Explain giving four reasons why the industrialist of Europe preferred hand  labour over machines during the 19th century. Answer:  Reasons why industrialist preferred hand labour rather than machines and  heavy equipment: 1. The labour was available in large quantities thus it was cheap. 2. The labour or the handwork was cheaper than the costly machines. 3. The costly machines had huge investments which were not affordable by the  industrialists, and they were more comfortable with hand labour. 4. Machines had huge maintaining costs, and if they ever broke, it was tough or nearly  impossible to repair them. 5. Seasonal labour was used at certain times of the year as the machines could not be  bought only for a seasonal purpose.

Question:  What was the significance of using ‘historical figures’ and the numerous  Indian Gods on the product? Explain. Answer:  The significance of using historical figures and goddess on the product for  advertisement:  As the gods are considered divine, putting their images made the product, a good of  divinity.  Also when the British manufacturers used these images, it gave the Indians an approval  of familiarity, so the Indians were lured easily towards the product. Putting historical  figures appealed to Indian consumers and buyers.

Question:  Why did the poor peasants and artisans in the countryside begin to work  for the merchants from the towns? Answer:  As the industrial era came, huge amounts of land were taken and converted  into industries. The labours didn’t have any option but to work for the merchants in town.  They had no work to do as it was an era of modernization. Earlier they could work on  their plots and give a living to the whole family. But now the peasants and artisans had  to look for alternative sources for earning rather than the common land for survival.

Question:  Why was there no shortage of human labour in Victorian Britain in the mid19th century? Explain. Answer:  In the Victorian United Kingdom, there was no shortage of labour because a  huge amount of labourers moved from villages leaving their hometown and travelling to  cities for work.  Labour was present on a large scale, so the wages were very low and cheap.

Question:  What were the problems of Indian weavers in the early 19th century? Answer:  In the early 19th century Britishers started exporting their machine-made  clothes to the Indian subcontinent.  The export market of India collapsed on a large scale.  There was a shortage of raw cotton as all was exported to the United Kingdom.  And due to the American Civil War, the supplies to Britain were cut down, and thus the  amount of import to England increased on a large scale.

Question:  The First World War created dramatically a new situation for Indian. Analyse  how this happened by giving three situations. Answer:  World War 1 had a dramatic effect on India. This can be analysed by: 1. The British mills started focussing on the needs of the war, so imports to India  declined. 2. Indian mills now had a vast home market to supply its goods. 3. The war needs were also given to the Indian mills to cater to. 4. New mills were set-up, and the earlier ones were running for a large number of hours. 5. New workers were employed, and more and more people were employed as the  demand for cotton increased dramatically.

Question:  What was the trade guild? Explain. Answer:  Trade guild was an association or organisation of all the merchants, craftsmen  and labourers who used to oversee their practice of trade and craft work of either a  particular place or of the area where they lived.

Question:  Whom did the British Governments appoint to supervise weavers, collect  supplies and examine the quality of cloth? Answer:  Gomasthas were appointed for the supervising of weavers, collecting supplies  and examining the quality of cloth. The East India Company of textiles appointed paid  labour servants who were responsible for supervising weavers, collecting the supplies  and examining the quality of cloth they were called “GOMASTHAS”.  A Gomastha of eighteenth-century a wooden painting.

Question:  Where were most of the large-scale industries located in 1911? Answer:  The large-scale industries were located in Bengal and Bombay during the 20th  century in 1911. One of the reasons for this was their location along the sea. Since  these two were port cities, it helped the Britishers in trading in foreign markets.

Question:  How did the Indian and British manufactures try to expand their market? Answer:  The British and Indian manufacturers both started focussing on the  international and overseas.  They emphasized more on expanding their business outside the respective countries  and places.  Both the manufactures made exports their priority. This led to the expansion of their  business.

Question:  Where was the first cotton mill set up? Answer:  A cotton mill is a machinery that is usually set up inside the building; it does  the work of weaving and spinning, after doing these two functions the machine  produces cotton yarn or basically cotton cloth.  The first cotton mill was set up in Bengal in 1854, and the first cotton mill of England  was created by Richard Arkwright in 1771.

Question:  Who established six joint-stock companies in India during 1830-40? Answer:  A joint stock company is basically a company in which there are different  shares which are held by shareholders; It is a business entity which can be sold in  shares by shareholders.  Dwarkanath Tagore established the six joint-stock companies in India during the 1830s  and 40s.

Question:  Name the person who created the cotton mill in England. Answer:  Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill in England in Cromford, Derbyshire  in 1771. It marked the move away from home production to mass manufacturing in  factories.

Question:  What was spinning Jenny? Answer:  It was invented by James Hargreaves; the spinning jenny was a machine that  speeded up the process of spinning. Thus, reducing the demand for labour. What was  done by 10 workers could be done by one on a single spinning jenny and many spindles  could be spun on it with loads of bundles of cotton.

Question:  Name some famous Indian industrialists of the 19th century. Answer:  Dinshaw Petit, a Parsi, was the founder of the first textile mills in India.  Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata who had built a huge industrial empire in India.  Seth Hukumchand was a Marwari businessman was famous for launching first jute mill  in Calcutta G.D Birla who is a famous industrialist his, father and grandfather were also one of the  famous and prominent industrialists of Indian nationality.

Question:  When and where the first cotton mill was set up? Answer:  The first cotton mill was set up in Bengal which was located in the eastern part  of the Indian subcontinent in 1854. A cotton mill is machinery that is usually set up  inside the building, it does the work of weaving and spinning, after doing these two  functions the machine produces cotton yarn or basically cotton cloth.

Question:  Name the Indian Gods and goddesses which were generally used by the  foreign manufacturer. Answer:  God Krishna, Saraswati, Lakshmi, Kartikeya and even maharaja Ranjit Singh  was found in many imported goods. These god and goddesses goods were used by  international and foreign manufacturers.

Question:  A Name the type of chemical reaction represented by the following equation: (i) CaO + H ₂ O  →   Ca(OH) ₂ (ii) 3BaCl ₂  + Al ₂ (SO ₄ ) ₃   →   3Ba(Ba) + 2AlCl ₃ (iii) 2FeSo₄  + Heat  → Fe₂O₃  + SO ₂  + SO ₃ Answer:  (i) Combination reaction (ii) Double displacement reaction (Precipitation reaction) (iii) Decomposition reaction.

Question:  (i) Write a balanced chemical equation for process of photosynthesis. (ii)When do desert plants take up carbon dioxide and perform photosynthesis? Answer:  (i) 6CO ₂(g)  + 6H ₂ O(l) + Singlight  →  C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ (s) + 6O(g) (ii) In desert plants the stomata are open at night. They take CO₂ at night and is stored in the  form of acid and is used during day time for photosynthesis.

Question:  Name the reducing agent in the following reaction: 3MnO₂ + 4Al  →   3Mn + 2Al₂O₃ State which is more reactive, Mn or A1 and why? Answer:  ‘Al’ is reducing agent.  ‘AT is more reactive than Mn v ‘Al’ displaces Mn from its oxide.

(a) What happens when an aqueous  solution of sodium sulphate  reacts with an aqueous solution of  barium chloride? State the physical  conditions of reactants in which  reaction between them will not take  place. Write the balanced chemical  equation for the reaction and also  mention the type of reaction. (b) What changes in the colour of iron  nails and copper sulphate solution  do you observe after keeping  the iron nails in copper sulphate  solution for about half an hour?  [CBSE, Term 1, Set 2, 2015] Answer:  (a) When barium chloride solution is  added to sodium sulphate solution,  then a white precipitate of barium  sulphate is formed along with sodium chloride solution. BaCl ₂  (aq.) + Na ₂ SO ₄  (aq.)→  BaSO ₄  (s) ↓ + 2NaCl (aq.)  (white ppt.) Reaction will not take place if the reactants are in a solid state. (b) When iron nails are dipped in copper sulphate solution, then iron sulphate solution and copper metal are  formed.  CuSO ₄  (aq.) + Fe (s) → FeSO ₄  (aq.) + Cu (s )

Question:  Giving an example list two information which make a chemical equation more useful  (informative). Answer:  (i) Physical state of reactants must be mentioned, e.g. 2H (g) + O₂(g) → 2H₂0 (l) (ii) Condition in which reaction takes place are written on the arrow head, e.g.  2H₂  (g) + O ₂  (g) (burning) → 2H ₂ 0 (l) Consider the following chemical reaction X + Barium chloride  →  Y + Sodium chloride (White ppt) (a) Identify ‘X’ and ‘Y’ (b) The type of reaction (a) ‘X’ is Na₂SO₄ and Y is BaSO ₄ . (b) The type of reaction Na₂SO₄ + BaCl₂  →  BaSO ₄  + 2NaCl  (White ppt) The reaction is precipitation reaction. It is also called double displacement reaction.

Question:  “We need to balance a skeltal chemical equation.” Give reason to justify the statement. Answer:  Skeltal chemical equation are unbalanced. We need to balance chemical equation  because of law of conservation of mass. It states that ‘matter can neither be created nor be  destroyed’. Therefore chemical equation must be balanced in each and every chemical  reaction.

Question:  (a) Define corrosion. What name is  given to the corrosion of iron? (b) Name the colour of coating formed  on silver and copper articles, when  exposed to air? (c) List two damages caused by corrosion  and suggest how corrosion can be  prevented.  [CBSE, Term 1, Set 1, 2016] Answer:  (a) Corrosion is a process by which an  oxide layer is formed on a metal  surface due to oxidation. The  corrosion on iron is called rusting. (b) Silver on exposure to air develops  black coating and copper on exposure  to air develops greenish coating. (c) Damages caused by corrosion are: (i) It reduces the strength of the metal. (ii) It eats up the metal.  Prevention: Corrosion can be  prevented by painting, galvanising,  alloying or greasing.

Question:  Write balanced chemical equations to  explain what happens, when (i) Mercuric oxide is heated. (ii) Mixture of cuprous oxide and cuprous  sulphide is heated. (iii) Aluminium is reacted with  manganese dioxide. (iv) Ferric oxide is reduced with  aluminium. (v) Zinc carbonate undergoes calcination. [CBSE OD, Set 1, 2020] Answer:  (i) Cinnabar (HgS) is an ore of mercury.  When it is heated in air, it is first converted into mercuric oxide (HgO).  Mercuric oxide is then reduced to  mercury on further heating.  2HgO(s)  +  He at →  2Hg(l) + O ₂ (g) (ii) When a mixture of copper oxide and  copper sulphide is heated metallic  copper is formed along with the evo lution of the sulphur dioxide gas. The  reaction equation is as follows:  2Cu ₂ O + Cu ₂ S → 6Cu + SO ₂ (iii) When aluminium powder is reacted  with manganese dioxide, Manganese  and aluminium oxide are formed with  the evolution of heat and the following reaction takes place: 3MnO ₂ (s) + 4Al(s) → 3Mn(l)  + 2Al ₂ O ₃ (s) +